Infectious Diseases of Poverty volume 10, Article number: 131 (2021 ) Cite this article
Tuberculosis (TB) caused Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is one of infectious disease that lead a large number of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Although no reliable evidence has been found, it is considered that combining chemotherapeutic drugs with Chinese herbs can significantly improves the cure rate and the clinical therapeutic effect.
Multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB, n = 258) patients with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome will be randomly assigned into a treatment group (n = 172) or control/placebo group (n = 86). The treatment group will receive the chemotherapeutic drugs combined with Chinese herbs granules (1 + 3 granules), while the control group will receive the chemotherapeutic drugs combined with Chinese herbs placebo (1 + 3 placebo granules). In addition, MDR-PTB (n = 312) patients with Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome will be randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 208) or control/placebo (n = 104) group. The treatment group will receive the chemotherapeutic regimen combined with Chinese herbs granules (2 + 4 granules), while the control group will receive the chemotherapeutic drugs and Chinese herbs placebo (2 + 4 placebo granules). The primary outcome is cure rate, the secondary outcomes included time to sputum culture conversion, lesion absorption rate and cavity closure rate. BACTEC™ MGIT™ automated mycobacterial detection system will be used to evaluate the M.tb infection and drug resistance. Chi-square test and Cox regression will be conducted with SAS 9.4 Statistical software to analyze the data.
The treatment cycle for MDR-PTB using standardized modern medicine could cause lengthy substantial side effects. Chinese herbs have been used for many years to treat MDR-PTB, but are without high-quality evidence. Hence, it is unknown whether Chinese herbs enhances the clinical therapeutic effect of synthetic drugs for treating MDR-PTB. Therefore, this study will be conducted to evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of combining Chinese herbs and chemotherapeutic drugs to treat MDR-PTB cases. It will assist in screening new therapeutic drugs and establishing treatment plan that aims to improve the clinical therapeutic effect for MDR-PTB patients.
This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ChiCTR1900027720) on 24 November 2019 (prospective registered).
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and a major cause of ill health worldwide. It is one of the 10 most common causes of death and the leading cause of mortality by a single infectious agent [1]. More than 10 million individuals suffered from TB and 1.4 million deaths were occurred in 2019 globally [1]. The global incidence of TB is not sufficiently fast to decline to achieve the first milestone of the “End TB Strategy” due to drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) emergence [1]. Such resistant strains include rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB), multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB, Additional file 1: Appendix 1) [2]. DR-TB has created a global public health crisis, threatening the progress of “Ending global TB epidemics” by 2035 [3]. Globally in 2019, an estimated 3.3% of new cases and 18.0% of previously treated patients were MDR/RR-TB [1]. Overall, there were an estimated 465 000 MDR/RR-TB cases in 2019, of which 78.0% of RR-TB cases were MDR-TB. Of new MDR-TB patients, nearly 50.0% patients were in India (27.0%), China (14.0%) and the Russian Federation (8.0%) [1]. Approximately 15.0% MDR-TB cases died during treatment, 21.0% have unknown outcomes, while only 56.0% complete treatment worldwide [2].
China suffers the second-highest burden of MDR pulmonary TB (PTB) [1]. It has been estimated that 7.1% of new cases of PTB and 21.0% of previously-treated PTB cases in 2018 were MDR-PTB patients [1]. There were an estimated 58 000 MDR-PTB/RR-PTB cases annually, accounting for 10.0% of the global burden. However, only 22.5% of the MDR-PTB/RR-PTB cases were confirmed in the laboratory, while only 10.2% received treatment. This represents a considerably lower rate of detection and treatment coverage for MDR-PTB than the global average level [3, 4].
Over past decades, although the Chinese government has implemented control and treatment measures to control PTB, the situation has not substantially improved. Any achievements may have been compromised by the rising prevalence of DR-PTB. A treatment scheme for MDR-PTB patients will provide insights on policy and strategy development consistent with the “End TB Strategy” [1]. The treatment for MDR-PTB patients is either long therapeutic schedule (18 to 24 months) or short treatment plan (9 to 12 months) [5]. Long therapeutic schedule includes the third-generation fluoroquinolone and a second-line injectable combined with at least five anti-tuberculosis medications considered to be effective, based on drug susceptibility testing (DST), or at least four considered effective plus pyrazinamide (PZA or Z) [6]. Adverse events (AEs) are thought to be the most important clinical consideration in the longer regimen, such as elevated liver enzymes, gastrointestinal disorders, and ototoxicity [7]. More than half of MDR-PTB patients experience one or more AEs during treatment procession [8, 9]. The World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines for RR/MDR-PTB recommend patients receive long oral regimens lasting 18–20 months, it strongly advising to combine bedaquiline (Bdq), levofloxacin (Lfx), or moxifloxacin (Mfx) with linezolid (Lzd) to treat MDR-PTB, supplemented with cycloserine (Cs) and/or clofazimine (Cfz). This long therapeutic schedule will result in predictable adverse reactions, because both Lzd and Cs are known for frequent serious AEs, while Bdq, Mfx and Cfz may excessively increase patient’s Q-T interval (the time from Q wave to the end of the T wave) [6]. It is challenging to monitor these expected AEs and their management in resource-limited settings may lead to frequent modifications and the provision of a less effective regimen.
Since 2016, the WHO guidelines have provided the option to treat RR/MDR-PTB with a standardized regimen with 9 to 12 months (“short regimen”) instead of an individualized regimen of at least 20 months (Additional file 1: Appendix 1) [10, 11]. Short regimens are defined as a standardized regimen that includes 4 to 6 months administration of kanamycin (Km), Mfx, prothionamide (Pto), Cfz, Z, ethambutol (EMB or E), and high-dose isoniazid (INH or I), followed by 5 to 8 months of Mfx, Cfz, PZA, EMB, optionally [12]. The following within-class drug substitutions are permitted, gatifloxacin (Gfx) or Lfx instead of Mfx, ethionamide (Eto) instead of Pto, and amikacin (Am) or capreomycin (Cm) instead of Km (Additional file 1: Appendix 1) [13]. The short regimen has been associated with a substantially smaller loss to follow-up during treatment compared with individualized long regimens [14], the results from WHO shown that the overall treatment success of short regimen was not inferior to long regimens [14].
Nowadays, a number of MDR-PTB patients may face that no alternative drug was used due to the DR-TB M.tb strains, the slow development of new drugs, and adverse reactions leaded chemical synthesized drugs. Confronted with this situation, Chinese herb may be an appropriate choice, Chinese herb has been used to treat PTB for more than 2000 years. Although the treatment of PTB with Chinese herbs began earlier than modern medicine [15], it has failed to control its prevalence over the past years. However, Chinese herb should not be overlooked in current serious situation of MDR-PTB prevalence, it may have some advantages for combatting MDR-PTB. Firstly, Chinese herbs are abundant and readily available. Secondly, herbs may reduce the side effects caused with chemical synthetic drugs, many patients suffer liver and kidney injury following the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs, which cannot be tolerated or ignored in the process of treating MDR-PTB. Thirdly, Chinese herbs can improve clinical symptoms caused by M.tb. Hence, the Chinese herbs in conjunction with chemical synthetic drugs to treat MDR-PTB may be one of optimal therapy.
Therefore, a hospital-based, large-scale, multi-center, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conceived and conducted to investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of MDR-PTB patients treated with chemotherapeutic drugs and Chinese herbs. New and more effective therapeutic schedule or drug for MDR-PTB may be obtained that improves the clinical therapy effects and health-related quality of life for the MDR-PTB patients.
This RCT will be obtain several specific results. Firstly, the basic characteristics of MDR-PTB patients with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome or Yin deficiency lung heat will be obtained. Secondly, the risk factors for MDR-PTB will be explored by observational research. Thirdly, the factors affecting the MDR-PTB outcome will be identified in MDR-PTB cases. Fourthly, the efficacy of modern chemotherapeutic drugs combined with Chinese herbs will be obtained and appraised.
In present study, 32 research centers (sentinel hospitals) were recruited from 23 provinces of China that have a high prevalence of MDR-PTB (Table 1, Fig. 1, Additional file 1: Appendix 1). These hospitals are qualified to treat MDR-PTB patients. Clinicians from these hospitals are experienced at treating MDR-PTB patients with chemotherapeutic drugs, meantime, they will receive training in treating MDR-PTB using Chinese herbs. The researchers are experienced in project coordination.
Flow diagram illustrating study design. MDR-PTB Mul-tidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis; TCM Traditional Chinese medicine.
In the present study, the module “Superiority by a Margin Tests for the Difference Between Two Proportions” in PASS 15 Power Analysis and Sample Size Software (NCSS, LLC. Kaysville, Utah, USA) was used to calculate the sample size.
The following two hypotheses will be tested: H10: pA1 = pB1; H11: pA1 > pB1; where α (type I error rate) = 0.025 (one-side), 1 − β (power) = 0.9. According to the literatures [13, 16], the cure rate was 44.0% for MDR-PTB treated with bedaquiline [13]. In our previous study, the cure rate for MDR-PTB patients was 66.1% treated with short course chemotherapy and Chinese herbs [16]. Hence, if pA1 (treatment group) = 66.1%, pB1 (control group) = 44.0%, and the ratio of treatment group to control group is 2:1. The number of sample size of treatment group and control group was calculated to be 154 and 77, respectively. The follow-up failure rate is estimated to be 10%, and so the minimum number will be 86 and 172 in control group and treatment group, respectively.
The following two hypotheses will be tested: H20: pA2 = pB2; H21: pA2 > pB2; where α (type I error rate) = 0.025 (one-side), 1 − β (power) = 0.9. According to the literatures [13, 16], the cure rate was 44.0% for MDR-PTB treated with bedaquiline [13]. In our previous study, the cure rate for MDR-PTB patients was 64.2% treated with short course chemotherapy and Chinese herbs [16]. Hence, if pA2 (treatment group) = 64.2%, pB2 (control group) = 44.0%, and the ratio in the treatment to control groups is 2:1, the number of patients in the treatment and control groups was calculated to be 188 and 94, respectively. Follow-up failure rate was estimated to be 10%, and so the minimum number will be 104 and 208 in control group and treatment group, respectively.
(i) Positive culture of M.tb strain in the sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with PTB. (ii) Patients infected with Non-M.tb strain will be excluded during the process of strain identification (Fig. 2). (iii) Isolated and cultured M.tb strain are resistant to IHN and rifampicin (RIF).
Initial screening process for patients in present study. Am Amikacin; Cs Cycloserine; CT Computed tomography; E Ethambutol (or EMB); MDR-PTB Multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis; Mfx Moxifloxacin; Pto Prothionamide; RR-PTB Rifampicin resistant pulmonary tuberculosis; TCM Traditional Chinese medicine; XDR-PTB Extensively drug-resistance pulmonary tuberculosi; Z Pyrazinamide (or PZA)
The differentiation of TCM syndrome will be based on key criteria of the principal symptoms: main symptoms, secondary symptoms, tongue fur and pulse (Additional file 1: Appendix 1). (i) Qi-yin deficiency syndrome definition: main symptoms (cough, shortness of breath, fatigue), secondary symptoms (afternoon fever, night sweat, spontaneous sweat, dry mouth, dry throat, flushed cheeks), tongue fur (red tongue, little coating), pulse (thin pulse). (ii) Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome definition: main symptoms (sputum, yellow thick sputum, or blood in the sputum, chest tightness or chest pain, five upset fever), secondary symptoms (low fever, night sweat, flushed cheeks, dry throat, thirst), tongue fur (red tongue, yellow greasy moss), pulse (thready rapid pulse).
Subjects will be recruited at the outpatient and inpatient departments of the sentinel hospitals. Patients who meet all the following inclusion criteria will be considered for recruitment: (1) M.tb strain positive diagnosed with culture from sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as identified using a BACTEC MGIT 960 automated mycobacterial detection system (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, US. BD960). (2) GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Caribbean Drive Sunnyvale, California, United States) positive for sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sample. (3) M.tb strain are simultaneous resistance to IHN and RIF. (4) Cases fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for Qi-yin deficiency syndrome or Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome. (5) Patients age between 18 and 65 years. (6) No history of allergies to drugs involved in the trial. (7) Patients must agree to the treatment voluntarily and provide signed informed consent.
Subjects meeting one or more of the following criteria will be excluded for the trial: (1) Subjects previously treated for MDR-TB and those having received any second line drug, including any anti-mycobacterial agent, any aminoglycoside except streptomycin (Sm), any fluoroquinolone, Pto or EMB, or Cs. (2) M.tb strains that is resistant to Mfx and/or Am, or drugs in the same group which cannot be modified, in accordance with the WHO classification (2016 update). (3) Suffering from the disease for more than 5 years with more than 2 retreatments. (4) Chest CT indicating lung cavity diameters is greater than 5 cm, or more than 5 cavities. (5) A history of massive hemoptysis. (6) Patients with extrapulmonary TB (bronchial TB, lymphatic TB, bone TB, or brain TB). (7) Body mass index (BMI) is less than 19. (8) Patients with respiratory failure, severe peptic ulcers, cancer, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, autoimmune disease, mental disorder, or a family history of mental disorder. (9) Disabled patients as defined by law. (10) Patients unable to receive treatment with oral medication. (11) Patients who are pregnant, preparing for pregnancy, or breastfeeding. (12) Subjects with abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG). (13) Patients with abnormal liver function, the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≥ 2 times upper limit, patients that are HBsAg, HBeAg, or HBcAg positive. (14) Diabetic patients with poor blood glucose control (fasting blood glucose > 7 mmol/L, postprandial blood glucose > 11 mmol/L). (15) Patients unlikely to comply with the study protocol.
For patients recruited to the trial, the investigators will explain the study in detail, answer questions, ensuring that informed consent is provided to each patient and an appropriate signature is obtained prior to the start of the study. After the informed consent form (ICF) has been signed, a patient will be considered “eligible” to enter the trial, and he/she will be assigned a patient number. All additional healthcare needs of participants, or compensation for healthcare, will continue to be provided.
Allocation of participants to a study group will be conducted using an interactive response technology (IRT) system. Site personnel (study coordinator or specified researcher) will be required to enter or select information including but not limited to the user's ID and password, the protocol number, and the participant number. Site personnel will then be provided with a drug assignment and randomization number. The IRT system will provide a confirmation report for each participant containing the participant number, randomization number, and the assigned study intervention. Confirmation reports will be stored at the corresponding site.
MDR-PTB patients with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome or Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome will be randomized independently. Randomization will be performed using a stratified-block randomization method provided by professional statisticians. Randomization will be stratified by study center using a web-based randomization service provided by ChuangDa Medical Technology Company Ltd. (Shanghai, China. https://edc.trialdata.cn/). The randomization sequence will not be released until all interventions have been assigned.
The viewing of treatment allocation prior to patient registration in the study database will not be permitted, nor will it be possible to remove a patient from the study after treatment assignment has been revealed. A statistician will label the study medication and will distribute it to each study center. Outcome data after three months will be assessed by a trained investigator blinded to treatment allocation using standardized forms and procedures. An independent trial statistician will combine data for treatment allocation with the clinical data prior to reporting to a data and safety monitoring board (DSMB).
In the case of an emergency, one investigator has the sole responsibility for determining if the unblinding of a participant's study intervention assignment is warranted. Participant safety will always be the first consideration when making such a determination. If the investigator decides that unblinding is warranted, the investigator will make every effort to contact the sponsor prior to unblinding the assignment of a participant so long as any medical management would not be delayed. The sponsor will be notified within 24 h of an instance of unblinding while the date and reason will be recorded in the source documentation and case report form (CRF).
The treatment for MDR-PTB is a complex and long-term undertaking, the content of the present study involves the following aspects.
Sputum will be collected and the M.tb strain will be determined using GeneXpert testing and culture with BD960 system, DST of M.tb stain will performed using the BD960 system. For each patient, M.tb strain identification and DST will be conducted once a week during weeks 0–12, then once per month during months 4–11 (Table 2).
Each patient will undergo chest computed tomography (CT), it will evaluate lesion absorption and cavity closure (Table 2).
The basic demographic information of each subject will be collected using a structured questionnaire, to include age, gender, height, weight, place of birth, residence, level of education, religion, level of income, basic disease characteristics. In addition, the structured questionnaire will be used to collect details of patient lifestyle, such as level of smoking, drinking, history of silicosis, pneumoconiosis, lung infection, contact history with MDR-PTB patients, and so on (Table 2).
Clinical manifestations of each patient will be recorded, including coughing, expectoration, hemoptysis, fever (low fever), fatigue, night sweats, tightness of the chest, chest pain, dyspnea, insomnia, emaciation, loss of appetite, or other symptoms (Table 2).
The short course chemotherapy regimen for MDR-PTB treatment will be consisted of a 6-month intensive treatment period (6MfxAmPtoCsZE) and a 5-month onsolidation phase (5MfxPtoZE). These chemotherapeutic drugs prescribed for each subject for the entire trial. In addition, the MDR-PTB cases with Qi-yin deficiency will be allocated to the treatment or control group at a ratio of 2:1 (treatment group:control group) using a randomization process. The treatment groups will receive chemotherapeutic drugs plus Chinese herbs granules (1 + 3 granules), whereas the control group will receive chemotherapeutic drugs plus Chinese herbs placebo (1 + 3 placebo granules). Meanwhile, MDR-PTB patients with Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome will be allocated randomly to the a treatment or control group at a ratio of 2:1 (treatment group: control group). The treatment group will be treated with chemotherapeutic drugs plus Chinese herbs granules (2 + 4 granules), and the control group will be treated with chemotherapeutic drugs plus Chinese herbs placebo (2 + 4 placebo granules, Table 3).
A drug administrator at each center will have the responsibility for the storage, distribution, recovery, record keeping, and retrieval of the experimental drugs. The chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs or chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs placebo will be provided to each subject by enrollment sequence. The grouping allocation of patients will remain unchanged throughout the trial. Drugs will be distributed at each follow-up examination during this study, while any unused drugs will be recovered during subsequent drug allocation.
All supplies of the chemical synthetic drugs and Chinese herbs will be stored at room temperature and protected from light, in a room with limited access, or within a locked cabinet in appropriate environmental conditions. Access to the study medication will be restricted to designated trial personnel. All medication will remain in the original packaging as delivered by the drug suppliers. The storage conditions and expiry date will be supplied with the investigational materials. A monitor will periodically check all supplies of study medication held by each investigator for accountability, and to ensure appropriate conditions of storage of the medication are utilized. At the end of the trial, all unused study medication will be collected by the monitor and returned to the sponsor, unless other arrangements are agreed.
As shown in Table 4, the primary efficacy endpoint is the cure rate, and the secondary efficacy endpoints are time to sputum culture conversion, lesion absorption rate, cavity closure rate and the effect rate of TCM syndrome between treatment group provide with chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs and control group treated with chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs placebo in Qi-yin deficiency patients, or in Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome.
Safety will be separately evaluated in terms of AEs (Table 4), clinical laboratory tests, ECG, physical examinations, and vital signs (Additional file 1: Appendix 1) for each trial period (screening stage, therapy process, and follow-up period).
AE is any inappropriate medical occurrence in a patient administered a pharmaceutical product that is not necessarily causally associated with the treatment. An AE can represent any unfavorable or unintended manifestation (including abnormal laboratory finding), symptoms, or disease temporally associated with the use of an investigational medicinal product, whether or not it is related to its administration. All AEs will be followed until they have abated, or until a stable situation has been reached. Depending on the event, follow-up may require additional tests or medical procedures, and/or referral to a general physician or a medical specialist.
Serious adverse event (SAE) is any unfavorable medical occurrence that shows in Table 4. SAEs need to be reported by the end of the study in China, as defined in the protocol.
Serious adverse reaction (SAR) is judged by either the reporting investigator or the sponsor as having a reasonable causal relationship. The expression “reasonable causal relationship” in general is used to indicate that there is evidence or an argument to suggest a causal relationship. Factors to consider when assessing causality of SARs are: (i) the nature of the reaction, (ii) timing of the reaction, and (iii) its relationship to the dose (Additional file 1: Appendix 1).
Participation in the clinical trial will be voluntary, all subjects having the right to suspend their consent from the trial prematurely, at any time and without stating a reason, and without disadvantaging any potential future medical treatment. In rare instances, it may be necessary for a participant to permanently discontinue study intervention (definitive discontinuation or withdrawal). Reasons for definitive discontinuation of the study intervention may include participant request, investigator request, pregnancy, protocol deviation (no longer satisfying all inclusion criteria, or fulfilling one or more of the exclusion criteria).
Note that discontinuation of study intervention does not represent a withdrawal from the study. If trial intervention is definitively discontinued, the participant will remain in the study and be evaluated for safety, immunogenicity, and potential efficacy. Follow-up for any evaluation required at the time of discontinuation will be conducted.
Discontinuation of study intervention, it must be documented on the appropriate CRF and in the medical records, including the participant has discontinued from further administration of study intervention alone, or also from the study procedures, post-treatment study follow-up, and/or future collection of additional information.
A participant may withdraw from this trial at any time at his/her own request. Reasons for discontinuation from the study may include the following: (1) Refusal to attend additional follow-up examinations. (2) Lost to follow-up. (3) Death. (4) Advice to withdraw because of poor compliance, comorbidities, or serious adverse events. (5) Participant request. (6) Investigator request. (7) Protocol deviation. (8) Patients who withdraw on their own due to poor curative effect, adverse reactions, or other reasons. (9) After allocation to a particular group, it is determined that some other drugs are required for treatment.
Participants should notify the investigator in writing of their decision to withdraw consent from future follow-up at the earliest opportunity. Withdrawal of consent should be explained in detail in the medical records by the investigator, and whether withdrawal is only from further receipt of study intervention or also from study procedures and/or post-treatment study follow-up, to be entered on the appropriate page of the CRF.
A participant will be considered lost to follow-up if he or she repeatedly fails to return for scheduled visits and cannot be contacted by the study site. The following actions will be taken if a participant fails to attend a required study visit. The site will attempt to contact the participant and reschedule the missed visit as soon as possible and counsel the participant on the importance of maintaining the assigned visit schedule and ascertain whether or not the participant wishes to and/or should continue in the study.
Prior to a participant being deemed lost to follow-up, the investigator or researcher will make every effort to regain contact with the participant (if possible). The site coordinator will make at least 3 telephone calls and, if necessary, a certified letter to the participant's last known mailing address, or a locally equivalent method, to prevent loss to follow-up. These contact attempts will be documented in the participant's medical records.
If the participant continues to be unreachable, he/she will be considered to have withdrawn from the study.
Subjects fulfilling one or more of the following criteria will be rejected for the trial and the reasons will be recorded in detail. Their CRF will be maintained for examination purposes: (1) Cases not conforming to the inclusion criteria. (2) Cases conforming to the exclusion criteria. (3) Cases have received the course of standard chemotherapy regimen for less than 3 months. (4) Cases without any recorded test results. (5) Actual drug was not within the range of the planned dose (80–120%), although the study was completed. (6) Cases in which efficacy cannot be evaluated due to the use of a prohibited drug. 7) Cases in which the course of standard chemotherapy was less than 3 months. (8) Cases consume Chinese herbs during the trial.
Sputum will be collected once per week during weeks 0–12, and once per month during months 4–11. When collecting sputum, patients will be asked to spit out any water in their mouth and take a deep breath prior to coughing up sputum into the collection vessel. Sputum will be induced prior to collection by asking patients to rinse their mouth with water, and then using an ultrasonic atomizer to spray 7 ml of 3% hypertonic saline over 15 min after which patients will attempt to cough up sputum from deep within their lungs. Qualified sputum specimens should be purulent and cheese or mucus-like, preferably with a volume of 3–5 ml. The container for collecting the sputum specimens will be an international, universal screw cap sputum container marked with the patient's name, identification number, inspection items, sputum specimen serial number, and date of production. The sputum will be submitted for inspection within 24 h.
Venous blood and morning urine sample will be collected at the screening visit time, once a week during weeks 0–12, then once a month during months 4–11. A proportion of them will be analyzed by routine laboratory testing and the remainder frozen at − 80 °C for future study.
Smears for M.tb strain will be performed by Ziehl–Neelsen staining using an Acid-Fast Stain Kit (Cat. G1170. Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). M.tb strain (H37Rv, ATCC 27294; or H37Ra, ATCC 21577) and Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) will be used as quality control.
The sputum specimens from each subject will be digested and decontaminated using an N-acetyl-l -cysteine-sodium hydroxide method. DST will be performed at the clinical laboratories. The final concentration of each drug in the culture medium will be defined by the M.tb strain growth indicator tube operating procedure guidelines provided by Becton Dickinson and Company.
At the specified time points, ECGs (supine, following at least 5 min rest) will be recorded by an ECG provider. All ECGs will be reviewed by a cardiologist.
Samples will be collected to measure the prothrombin time, hematocrit, hemoglobin levels, and platelet, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), and differential WBC counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils). In addition, total protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AST, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total cholesterol, triglycerides, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), cardiac troponin I, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, phosphate, chloride, and chloride, calcium), glucose, pancreatic amylase, lipase, human serum albumin, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity will be assessed. Gastrin and pepsinogen will also be measured for gastrointestinal evaluation (Additional file 1: Appendix 1).
A midstream urine sample will be provided for levels of protein, glucose, occult blood, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, and specific gravity, the results of which will be documented in the source documents. If abnormal, microscopic examination for WBCs, RBCs, epithelial cells, crystals, bacteria, or casts will be conducted.
The trial will be monitored by an independent DSMB to ensure data safety, and an independent data monitoring committee (DMC) will also be established for this trial. DMC will include at least one statistician, one TB expert and one methodology specialist. DMC will meet annually to review all collected data and may meet more frequently if required after analysis of the available data. The DMC will advise the trial management committee and the independent trial steering committee on the safety of the trial. All unexpected SAEs will be reported to the trial management committee and the trial sponsors by facsimile within 24 h of their occurrence, or learning of the occurrence, by local investigators. All data regarding AEs will be made available to the DMC for review.
An electronic database will be established to manage trial data. (1) Design electronic case report form (eCRF): the data manager will construct an eCRF specific for this research project and medical records. (2) Authority allocation: the sponsor, monitors and inspectors, the data manager will create accounts and grant the appropriate permissions to access the electronic clinical data management system (eCDM). In instance, researchers in each center will only see content appropriate for that center and only have the right to modify the data, whereas the sponsors will be limited to viewing from all centers. The monitors and inspectors will be able to read the case histories without having permission to modify the data, but they can add comments or questions. (3) Data entry: Clinical investigators or data entry officers designated by the investigator will input the data from the study records into eCRFs in a timely and accurate manner. (4) Data query and questions: Monitors will inspect data using the eCDM. If errors are evident, they can raise queries online at any time, to which researchers will provide answers online, and modify any incorrect data. (5) Data locking and exporting: After each subject has completed particular tests and the data has been reviewed by the monitor, the data manager will lock data. The data manager will import the study data into a designated database after all data has been entered, then provide it to statisticians for data analysis.
Full analysis set (FAS): Data consisting of all eligible cases. Baseline data and demographic characteristics will be compared. Where the main efficacy indicators are absent, previous results will be carried forward according to intention to treat (ITT) analysis. Missing values of the secondary efficacy indicators will not be date-carried-forward or compared, but analyzed using data actually present within the FAS.
Per protocol set (PPS): The set of cases satisfying the inclusion criteria, not excluded by the exclusion criteria, and completed the treatment regimen, that is, the analysis of cases that correctly has undergone the test regimen with good compliance, and completed all CRF requirements (PP analysis). Per protocol analysis will be used mainly for principal efficacy indicators.
Security data set (SS): This represents patients that have received at least one treatment, with actual data on security indicators recorded. Missing security values will not be carried forward. The incidence of adverse reactions within a SS represents the denominator for case numbers.
The analysis will encompass all randomized patients using ITT, except for those who fail to respond to prednisolone following randomization. Exclusion of these patients will not result in bias as: (1) these dropouts will have occurred prior to commencement of randomized treatment, and (2) clinicians will be unaware of the treatment assigned to each patient. It is anticipated that rates of missing data will be low, and there will be no need for imputation.
For the baseline data of MDR-PTB cases with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome, the continuous values (age, height, weight, BMI) will be compared across the treatment and control groups using a student's t-test (t value) or a Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Z value). Categorical values (gender, occupation, contacting MDR-PTB patients, etc.) will be compared between two groups using Chi-square test (χ2 value). Meantime, the same analysis process and method will be performed between two groups in MDR-TB patients with Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome.
For the primary efficacy endpoint, the rate difference (RD) for cure rate between chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs group and chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs placebo group will be calculated in MDR-PTB cases with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome. Meantime, the point estimation values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of RD will be reported. In addition, the same analysis process and method will be conducted between two groups in MDR-PTB patients with Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome.
For the secondary efficacy endpoints, the RDs for lesion absorption rate, cavity change rate and effect rate of the TCM syndrome between two groups will be calculated in MDR-PTB cases with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome, with which the point estimation values and 95% CIs values will be reported. Meantime, the median difference of time to sputum culture conversion between two groups will be compared using Kaplan–Meier method (Log-rank, Breslow, Tarone tests). In addition, the same analysis process and method will be carried out between two groups in MDR-PTB patients with Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome.
For the safety endpoints, which are all binary variables (abnormal liver function, electrocardiographic abnormality, abnormal creatinine, etc., Additional file 1: Appendix 1), statistical description (percentage and rate) will be conducted for the MDR-PTB patients with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome and Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome, respectively.
Over recent years, only gentle decline in the TB prevalence has been experienced in China [18,19,20], in part because of the MDR-PTB emergence and prevalence [21, 22]. For both individual patients with MDR-PTB and national TB programs, a shorter duration of treatment that is effective and beneficial [23]; and standardized treatment using chemical synthesized drugs are crucial for treating MDR-PTB [24, 25]. Although it represents too great a financial pressure for patients who may be prone to being affected by poverty as a result [21, 26]. In addition, many of patients abandon treatment because of long-course treatment and the substantial side-effects. This reduces the cure rate and enhances the infectious risk for other individuals.
Chinese herbs have a long history for treating TB patients, it has been popular in regions where health resources are limited, including county hospitals or clinics in townships or rural areas [27]. Chinese herbs are considered to be able to treat MDR-PTB because they may improve an individual’s natural immune system and ameliorate clinical manifestations. Therefore, it is believed that the combination of Chinese herbs with chemotherapeutic drugs for treating MDR-PTB may compensate for the deficiencies in chemical synthetic drugs used alone. Consequently, it is somewhat urgent that Chinese herbs compound preparations will be developed and industrialized to treat MDR-PTB.
Although Chinese herbs have been used to treat MDR-PTB in the real world, high quality clinical evidence of MDR-PTB treated with Chinese herbs have not yet been collected. Thus, the large-scale RCT was designed to objectively investigate the roles of Chinese herbs for treating MDR-PTB with chemical synthetic drugs. It will provide objective knowledge that Chinese herbs can or cannot improve the therapeutic effect of chemical synthetic drugs.
In fact, this study is one loading test. It involves chemotherapeutic drugs and Chinese herbs. If there is a statistical difference between chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs group compared with chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs placebo, and the clinical efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs + Chinese herbs group is high, it can only show that Chinese herbal can improve the clinical efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. It cannot conclude that Chinese herbal can effectively treat MDR-PTB. It is that synergistic effect may be existence between chemotherapeutic drugs and Chinese herbs. However, no adopt appropriate research was conducted to explore the possible interaction effect (synergistic effect, antagonistic effect) in study population. As a matter of fact, the interaction between chemotherapeutic drugs and Chinese herbs should be discover by mechanism research and animal experiments.
Chinese herbal contains a large number of components. It is necessary to discover the components and monomers before starting clinical study, and the blood concentration and metabolism produce of Chinese herbal components also need be discover before the previous research. In addition, it also requires strict quality control to ensure the identical components and concentrations in different batches of Chinese herbs, it can increase the efficacy comparability and it is very crucial to the present study.
In conclusion, the present study will provide objective evidence to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Chinese herbs for improving curative effect of chemical synthesized drugs.
All relevant data will be available after completion of the research, ensuring participant confidentiality.
Data and Safety Monitoring Board
Chakaya J, Khan M, Ntoumi F, Aklillu E, Fatima R, Mwaba P, et al. Global tuberculosis report 2020 - Reflections on the global TB burden, treatment and prevention efforts. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;S1201–9712(21):00193–4.
Bisson GP, Bastos M, Campbell JR, Bang D, Brust JC, Isaakidis P, et al. Mortality in adults with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV by antiretroviral therapy and tuberculosis drug use: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;396(10248):402–11.
Li BY, Shi WP, Zhou CM, Zhao Q, Diwan VK, Zheng XB, et al. Rising challenge of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China: a predictive study using Markov modeling. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):65.
Ou ZJ, Yu DF, Liang YH, He WQ, Li YZ, Meng YX, et al. Trends in burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in countries, regions, and worldwide from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease study. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10(1):24.
Falzon D, Schünemann HJ, Harausz E, González-Angulo L, Lienhardt C, Jaramillo E, et al. World Health Organization treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2016 update. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(3):1602308.
Van Deun A, Decroo T, Tahseen S, Trébucq A, Schwoebel V, Ortuno-Gutierrez N, et al. World Health Organization 2018 treatment guidelines for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: uncertainty, potential risks and the way forward. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(1):105822.
Gao JT, Du J, Wu GH, Pei Y, Gao MQ, Martinez L, et al. Bedaquiline-containing regimens in patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China: focus on the safety. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10(1):32.
Bastos ML, Lan Z, Menzies D. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(3):1600803.
Lan Z, Ahmad N, Baghaei P, Barkane L, Benedetti A, Brode SK, et al. Collaborative group for the meta-analysis of individual patient data in MDR-TB treatment 2017. Drug-associated adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):383–94.
Lee A, Xie YL, Barry CE, Chen RY. Current and future treatments for tuberculosis. BMJ. 2020;368:m216.
Zheng H, He W, Jiao W, Xia H, Sun L, Wang S, et al. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis against levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, bedaquiline, linezolid, clofazimine, and delamanid in southwest of China. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):330.
Zhao Y, Xu S, Wang L, Chin DP, Wang S, Jiang G, et al. National survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in China. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(23):2161–70.
Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch MP, de los Rios JM, Gotuzzo E, Vasilyeva I, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and culture conversion with bedaquiline. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(8):723–32.
Abidi S, Achar J, Assao Neino MM, Bang D, Benedetti A, Brode S, et al. Standardised shorter regimens versus individualised longer regimens for rifampin- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(3):1901467.
Zhang SY, Fu JY, Guo XY, Wu DZ, Zhang T, Li C, et al. Improvement cues of lesion absorption using the adjuvant therapy of traditional Chinese medicine Qinbudan tablet for retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis with standard anti-tuberculosis regimen. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):50.
Lu ZH, Zhang HY, Geng PH, Guo XY, Zhang ZS, Xiao HP, et al. Clinical study on TCM syndrome identification and chemotherapy for 388 cases of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. J Trad Chin Med. 2014;55(17):1469–74 (In Chinese).
Lu ZH, Yang CL, Yang GG, Pan WX, Tian LG, Zheng JX, et al. Efficacy of the combination of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine in pulmonary fibrosis arising as a sequelae in convalescent COVID-19 patients: a randomized multicenter trial. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10(1):31.
Huang L, Li XX, Abe EM, Xu L, Ruan Y, Cao CL, et al. Spatial-temporal analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in the northeast of the Yunnan province, People’s Republic of China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6(1):53.
Wang L, Zhang H, Ruan Y, Chin DP, Xia Y, Cheng S, et al. Tuberculosis prevalence in China, 1990–2010; a longitudinal analysis of national survey data. Lancet. 2014;383(9934):2057–64.
Conradie F, Diacon AH, Ngubane N, Howell P, Everitt D, Crook AM, et al. Nix-TB Trial Team. Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):893–902.
Li WB, Zhang YQ, Xing J, Ma ZY, Qu YH, Li XX. Factors associated with primary transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis compared with healthy controls in Henan Province, China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2015;4:14.
Goossens SN, Sampson SL, Van Rie A. Mechanisms of drug-induced tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;34(1):e00141–e220.
Long Q, Jiang WX, Zhang H, Cheng J, Tang SL, Wang WB. Multi-source financing for tuberculosis treatment in China: key issues and challenges. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10(1):17.
Wang M, Guan X, Chi Y, Robinson N, Liu JP. Chinese herbal medicine as adjuvant treatment to chemotherapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2015;95(4):364–72.
Yang ST, Lin YR, Wu MY, Chiang JH, Yang PS, Hsia TC, et al. Utilization of Chinese medicine for respiratory discomforts by patients with a medical history of tuberculosis in Taiwan. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):313.
Jiang RH, Xu HB, Fu J. Outcomes of Chinese herb medicine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(4):544–54.
Zhang TP, Yang F, Tang W, Alexander M, Forastiere L, Kumar N, et al. Pay-it-forward gonorrhea and chlamydia testing among men who have sex with men in China: a study protocol for a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8(1):76.
The data analysis of the study was supported by the fund of Medical Innovation Research Special Project of the Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan of the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Grant No. 21Y11922500). This randomized controlled trial was supported by the fund of the 13th Five-Year National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Diseases (Grant Nos. 2017ZX10305501-002, 2018ZX10725-509). The English writing was supported by the fund of the talent introduction research funding (Grant No. LH001.007).
Shun-Xian Zhang and Lei Qiu contributed equally to this work
Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
Shun-Xian Zhang, Cui Li, Wei Zhou, Li-Ming Tian, Hui-Yong Zhang, Zi-Feng Ma, Xian-Wei Wu, Xing Huang, Yu-Wei Jiang & Zhen-Hui Lu
Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun road, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
SX-Z and SY-Z drafted the manuscript, ZH-L and HY-Z conceived and designed the study, ZF-M, LQ and LM-T performed polish English, CLand WZ collected drafted figures, XW-W, XH and YW-J drafted tables. ZH-L and SY-Z are corresponding authors for this paper. SX-Z and QL contributed equally to this work. All authors contributed to the development of the research protocol, reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.
Correspondence to Shao-Yan Zhang or Zhen-Hui Lu.
The present study has been approved by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900027720), and the study was agreed by the Ethical Review Committee of Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 2019LCSY023). All experimental procedures will be performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Signed informed consent will be obtained from all participants after a detailed description of the purpose, potential risks, and benefits of the study have been provided. Confidentiality of the personal information of all participants will be maintained. Participation in the trial will be voluntary and subjects can withdraw at any time without obligation.
All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Chemotherapeutic drugs are used for treating MDR-TB patients stated by WHO guidelines. Table S2. The basic concept of drug resistance for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Table S3. Drugs prescribed for MDR-PTB cases in these present study. Table S4. Evaluation criteria of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score in MDR-PTB. Table S5. The follow-up process and time point for each subject in the study.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Zhang, SX., Qiu, L., Li, C. et al. Efficacy of integrating short-course chemotherapy with Chinese herbs to treat multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in China: a study protocol. Infect Dis Poverty 10, 131 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00913-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00913-5
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
By using this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, California Privacy Statement, Privacy statement and Cookies policy. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre.
© 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature.